This paper focuses on novel approaches in the field of nanotechnology-based carriers utilizing ultrasound stimuli as a means to\r\nspatially target gene delivery in vivo, using nanoparticles made with either poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or other polymers.\r\nWe specifically discuss the potential for gene delivery by particles that are echogenic (amenable to destruction by ultrasound)\r\ncomposed either of polymers (PLGA, polystyrene) or other contrast agent materials (Optison, SonoVue microbubbles). The use\r\nof ultrasound is an efficient tool to further enhance gene delivery by PLGA or other echogenic particles in vivo. Echogenic PLGA\r\nnanoparticles are an attractive strategy for ultrasound-mediated gene delivery since this polymer is currently approved by the US\r\nFood and Drug Administration for drug delivery and diagnostics in cancer, cardiovascular disease, and also other applications such\r\nas vaccines and tissue engineering. This paper will review recent successes and the potential of applying PLGA nanoparticles for\r\ngene delivery, which include (a) echogenic PLGA used with ultrasound to enhance local gene delivery in tumors or muscle and (b)\r\nPLGA nanoparticles currently under development, which could benefit in the future from ultrasound-enhanced tumor targeted\r\ngene delivery.
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